Originating over 5000 years ago from the Asian cithara, also known in ancient Greece, the guitar has evolved in a number of different directions. By the 18th century, the classical guitar had developed from 3-strings to,ultimately, in Spain a 6-stringed guitar. Luthiers or custom guitar makers tra nsformed this instrument in many different directions, according to the needs of its players.
The Spanish custom guitar makers of the classical guitar in the 16th century, for instance, turned the 3-string into a 4-string vihuela for added range. Later, the Spanish vihuela evolved into an instrument with 6 double gut strings tuned like a classical guitar. Eventually, the art of flamenco called for the Gypsy guitar, crafted by custom guitar makers as a much lighter instrument producing a more percussive sound quality.
Beyond these Spanish innovations, however, the guitar evolved still further in Mexico, especially in the secveral types of guitars used in mariachi bands. For each sound required, custom guitar makers have artfully found the means to create the instument.
The Mexican guitarron with six strings, a staple of most mariachi bands, has a shorter neck but large, deep body allowing its sound to resonate like a deep body bass guitar. Custom guitar makers also created the Mexican viheula, which, unlike the classical 12-stringed Spanish instument, is a small, deep-bodied istrument with five strings and a vaulted back. Its five nylon strings are tuned like the first five of a guitar, but with the third, fourth and fifth tuned up an octave, ukulele-style.
Another common mariachi instrument, the huapanguera, is a 8-string, large-bodied Mexican guitar with origins in the Jarocho region of Mexico near Veracruz. It is a normal-sized guitar in length but has a larger, deeper body than normal, a flat back as well as a shorter neck. Custom guitar makers also created another Jarocho instrument,the Requinto Jarocho, played in the son jarocho style with a harp and jarana jarocha. The requinto jarocho, also referred to as a guitarra de son, is a small guitar that has gained much popularity in recent times. The body is not large or deep like a huapanguera but is rather thin. It has 4 thick nylon strings, sometimes 5 strings.
As shown, each variety of music creates the need for a different type of guitar and custom guitar makers have cleverly changed the design of the guitar to meet the need. Norteno music, for example, native to northeastern Mexico and south Texas, sometimes called Tex-Mex orConjunto, evolved the bajo sexto, a deep-bodied , 12-string guitar. Then, more romantic music, sometimes called bambuco, calls out for the requinto, a smaller, higher pitched version of a the traditional Spanish guitar. The requinto romantico is a 6-nylon stringed guitar whose scale 18% smaller than a typical guitar scale, typically tuned five (5) pitches higher than a typical Spanish guitar and crafted with a cutout so that higher frets are more easily accessible. In each case, luthiers are always prepared with custom guitars to create the exact sound required.
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